(adverb) : jam, for diam, collat. form of diem, cf. pri-dem, du-dum, Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 213; II. p. 850; but acc. to Georg Curtius Gr. Etym. 398, 620; locat. form from pronom. stem ja.
* Of time, denoting a point or moment of time as coinciding with that of the action, etc., described.
* Of present time.
* In other relations.
* Of past time.
* In contrast with the time at which something was expected.
* Of future time.
* As continued from the past, already, by this time, ere now, till now, hitherto: et apud Graecos quidem jam anni prope quadrigenti sunt, etc.,Cic. Or. 51, 171: obsolevit jam ista oratio,id. de Imp. Pomp. 17, 52: nondum feminam aequavimus gloriā, et jam nos laudis satietas cepit?Curt. 9, 6, 23.—With numerals and words specifying time: jam biennium est, cum mecum coepit rem gerere,Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 35; so, plus jam anno,id. Curc. 1, 1, 14: sunt duo menses jam,Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 8: qui septingentos jam annos vivunt, etc.,id. Fl. 26, 63: annum jam tertium et vicesimum regnat,id. de Imp. Pomp. 3, 7; id. Fin. 2, 29, 94.
* With negatives, denoting cessation of previous condition: jam non, no more, no longer: quem odisse jam non potestis,Cic. Clu. 10, 29; Ov. M. 4, 382: non jam,not any more,Cic. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3: nihil jam,Caes. B. G. 2, 21.
* With comparatives: ad mitiora jam ingenia,which had become milder,Liv. 27. 39: ad ferociores jam gentes,which then were less civilized,id. 21, 60: una jam potior sententia,Stat. Th. 2, 368.
* Of that which occurs sooner, already, so soon: quies (animos) aut jam exhaustos aut mox exhauriendos, renovavit,Liv. 21, 21, 7: gravitate valetudinis, qua tamen jam paululum videor levari,Cic. Fam. 6, 2, 1; 3, 8, 16: jamne ibis,are you going so soon,Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 86; id. Rud. 2, 7, 26.
* Of that which occurs later, at last, now, only now: ohe jam desine deos uxor gratulando obtundere,Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 8: postulo, Dave, ut redeat jam in viam,id. And. 1, 2, 19: jamque sero diei subducit ex acie legionem faciendis castris,Tac. A. 2, 21: jam sanguinis alti vis sibi fecit iter,Luc. 2, 214.—Tandem or aliquando is often added: jam tandem ades ilico,Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 39: putamus enim utile esse te aliquando jam rem transigere,Cic. Att. 1, 4, 1: jam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras,Verg. A. 6, 61; Liv. 22, 12, 10.
* In the time just past, but now, a moment ago, a little while ago, just: videamus nunc quam sint praeclare illa his, quae jam posui, consequentia,Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26: Arsinoë et jam dicta Memphis,Plin. 5, 9, 11, § 61: insulae praeter jam dictas,id. 3, 26, 30, § 151: hiems jam praecipitaverat,Caes. B. C. 3, 25, 1: domum quam tu jam exaedificatam habebas,Cic. Att. 1, 6, 1.
* Like English now, by this time, already.
* Alone: jam advesperascebat,Liv. 39, 50: Hannibalem movisse ex hibernis, et jam Alpes transire,id. 27, 39: et jam fama volans ... domos et moenia complet,Verg. A. 11, 139; 12, 582; Caes. B. G. 1, 11; 6, 6: jamque rubescebat Aurora,Verg. A. 3, 521; 10, 260: ut semel inclinavit pugna, jam intolerabilis Romana vis erat,Liv. 6, 32: cum decimum jam diem graviter ex intestinis laborarem,Cic. Fam. 7, 26, 1.
* Of a time succeeding another time referred to, from that time, thenceforth, thereafter (esp. with a or ab, when it is often = Eng. even, very): qui aequom esse censent nos jam a pueris nasci senes,Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 2: quae me maxime sicuti jam a prima adolescentia delectarunt,Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 67: benevolentia quae mihi jam a pueritia tua cognita est,id. ib. 4, 7, 1: dederas enim jam ab adolescentia documenta,id. Mil. 8, 22: jam ab illo tempore, cum, etc., from the very time when, etc., id. Fam. 2, 16, 9; cf.: urgerent philosophorum greges jam ab illo fonte et capite Socrate,id. de Or. 1, 10, 42. —So with ex: jam ex quo ipse accepisset regnum,ever since,Liv. 42, 11, 8.
* Jam jamque, Verg. A. 8, 708.
* By tum, as early as that: se jam tum gessisse pro cive,Cic. Arch. 5, 11; Liv. 29, 1; Verg. 7, 738; Tac. Agr. 45.
* By tunc (post-Aug.; once in Cic.),Suet. Aug. 89; id. Ner. 7; Tac. H. 4, 50; Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 3 dub.
* In the time immediately approaching, forthwith, straightway, directly, presently: occlude sis fores ambobus pessulis: jam ego hic ero,Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 25: ille jam hic aderit,id. Ep. 2, 2, 72: omitte; jam adero,Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 26; cf. id. ib. 4, 6, 1; id. And. 1, 2, 9; 4, 4, 38: bono animo es; jam argentum ad eam deferes, quod ei es pollicitus,id. Heaut. 4, 6, 18: facere id ut paratum jam sit,Plaut. As. 1, 1, 76: jam fuerit, neque post unquam revocare licebit,Lucr. 3, 927: jam faciam quod voltis,Hor. S. 1, 1, 16: jam enim aderunt consules ad suas Nonas,Cic. Att. 7, 20, 2.
* In the time immediately succeeding another time referred to, forthwith, at once, straightway, then: nunc ubi me illic non videbit, jam huc recurret,Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 10: accede ad ignem ... jam calesces,id. Eun. 1, 2, 5: nisi puerum tollis, jam ego hunc in mediam viam provolvam,id. And. 4, 4, 38: de quibus jam dicendi locus erit, cum de senioribus pauca dixero,Cic. Brut. 25, 96: agedum, dictatorem creemus. Jam hic centicescet furor,Liv. 2, 29, 11: aperi, inquit, jam scies,Petr. 16, 2; cf. Verg. A. 1, 272.
* Representing as present an impending event, now, already, presently (mostly poet.): jam te premet nox,Hor. C. 1, 4, 16: jam veniet mors, jam subrepet iners aetas,Tib. 1, 1, 70: jam mare turbari trabibus videbis, jam fervere litora flammis,Verg. A. 4, 566; 6, 676: alius Latio jam partus Achilles,id. ib. 6, 89: hic magnae jam locus urbis erit,Tib. 2, 5, 55.
* To denote that something will certainly, properly, or easily occur, under certain circumstances.
* In a conclusion, to emphasize its relation to the condition, then surely, then: si cogites, remittas jam me onerare injuriis,Ter. And. 5, 1, 6: si quis voluerit animi sui notionem evolvere, jam se ipse doceat, eum virum bonum esse, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 76: si hoc dixissem, jam mihi consuli jure optimo senatus vim intulisset,id. Cat. 1, 8, 21; id. Leg. 1, 12, 34; id. Brut. 17, 68: si jubeat eo dirigi, jam in portu fore omnem classem,Liv. 29, 27, 8.
* In transitions.
* To a new subject, now, moreover, again, once more then: jam de artificiis et quaestibus ... haec fere accepimus,Cic. Off. 1, 42, 150; Verg. G. 2, 57: jam jura legitima ex legibus cognosci oportebit,Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 68: jam illud senatus consultum, quod eo die factum est, etc.,id. Fam. 5, 2, 4: jam Saliare Numae carmen qui laudat,Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 86. —So with vero: jam vero motus animi, sollicitudines aegritudinesque oblivione leniuntur,Cic. Tusc. 5, 38, 110: jam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest par oratio inveniri?id. de Imp. Pomp. 11, 29; 14, 41; id. Off. 3, 13 init.—With at enim: at enim jam dicetis virtutem non posse constitui, si ea, etc.,Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 40 init.
* For emphasis.
* After non modo ... sed ( = adeo), now, even, I may say: non cum senatu modo, sed jam cum diis bellum gerere,Liv. 21, 63, 6.
* Pressing the strict sense of a word or clause, now, precisely, indeed: (Hieronymum) quem jam cur Peripateticum appellem, nescio,Cic. Fin. 5, 5, 14: hoc quidem haud molestum est jam, quod collus collari caret,Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 107: loquor enim jam non de sapientium, sed de communibus amicitiis,Cic. Lael. 21, 77: te quoque jam, Thais, ita me di bene ament, amo,Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 43: imitatio morum alienorum ... jam inter leniores affectus numerari potest,Quint. 9, 2, 58: reliqua jam aequitatis sunt,id. 7, 1, 62: cetera jam fabulosa,Tac. G. 46: desine: jam venio moriturus,Verg. A. 10, 881.—So esp. with et: et jam (cf. etiam), and indeed, and in fact, et lenitas illa Graecorum et verborum comprehensio, et jam artifex, ut ita dicam, stilus, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: pulchriora etiam Polycleti et jam plane perfecta,id. ib. 18, 70: Pompeium et hortari et orare et jam liberius accusare non desistimus,id. Fam. 1, 1, 3; Quint. Decl. 5, 3; Luc. 8, 659; cf. jamque,Cic. Fam. 4, 6, 9; so, jam et: nec deerat Ptolemaeus, jam et sceleris instinctor,Tac. H. 1, 23; 1, 22; and, ac jam: ac jam, ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse,Caes. B. G. 3, 9: jam ergo, in very fact: jam ergo aliquis condemnavit,Cic. Clu. 41, 113.
* In climax, even, indeed, really: opus Paniceis, opus Placentinis quoque ... jam maritumi omnes milites opus sunt mihi,Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 59: jam illa quae natura, non litteris, assecuti sunt, neque cum Graecia neque ulla cum gente sunt conferenda,Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 2: jam in opere quis par Romano miles?Liv. 9, 19, 8; Quint. 12, 1, 45; Cic. Rep. 1, 5; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 83.