(adjective) : exter or extĕrus (both forms only post-class. and very rare), tĕra, tĕrum, comp. form, from ex
* On the outside, outward, of another country, family, etc., foreign, strange (syn.: extraneus; alienus, peregrinus, adventicius).
* Pos. (in Cic. and Caes. used in the plur.): quod exter heres praestare cogeretur,strange,Dig. 31, 1, 69: emancipatus vero aut exterus non aliter possunt hereditatem quaerere quam si, etc.,ib. 29, 2, 84; cf. ib. 31, 1, 67, § 4: tactus corporis est sensus, vel cum res extera sese Insinuat, vel, etc.,Lucr. 2, 435: vis,id. 2, 277: haec lex socialis est, hoc jus nationum exterarum est,Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 18: exterarum gentium multitudo,Suet. Caes. 84: non modo vestris civibus, verum etiam exteris nationibus,Cic. Font. 11, 25; cf.: apud exteras civitates,Cic. Caecin. 34, 100: apud exteras nationes,Caes. B. C. 3, 43 fin.; ad nationes exteras,Quint. 11, 1, 89: apud exteros,Plin. 18, 3, 5, § 22 et saep.: ab extero hoste atque longinquo,Cic. Cat. 2, 13.—In neutr. plur. with gen.: ad extera Europae noscenda missus Himilco,Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 169: ad extera corporum,id. 22, 23, 49, § 103.
* Comp.: extĕrĭor, us (in signif. scarcely differing from its pos.), outward, outer, exterior; opp. interior (rare but class.): cum alterum fecisset exteriorem, interiorem alterum amplexus orbem,Cic. Univ. 7; cf.: simul ex navibus milites in exteriorem vallum tela jaciebant ... et legionarii, interioris munitionis defensores,Caes. B. C. 3, 63, 6: colle exteriore occupato,id. B. G. 7, 79, 1: circumire exteriores mutiones jubet,id. ib. 7, 87, 4: pares munitiones contra exteriorem hostem perfecit,id. ib. 7, 74: comes exterior,i. e. on the left side,Hor. S. 2, 5, 17.
* Sup. in two forms, extrēmus and extĭmus or extŭmus [sup. of ex; cf. Gr. ἔσχατος, Georg Curtius Gr. Etym. p. 387].
* Extrēmus, a, um (which in post-class. lang. is itself compared; comp.: extremior,App. M. 1, p. 105; 7, p. 188; sup.: extremissimus,Tert. Apol. 19), the outermost, utmost, extreme (so most freq.; cf.: ultimus, postremus, novissimus, supremus, imus).
* Lit.: extremum oppidum Allobrogum est Geneva,Caes. B. G. 1, 6, 3: flumen Axona, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus,on the farthest borders,id. ib. 2, 5, 4: fines,Liv. 39, 28, 2; 45, 29, 14; cf.: ad extremum finem provinciae Galliae venerunt,id. 40, 16, 5: impiger extremos currit mercator ad Indos,the remotest,Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 45: Tanaïs,id. C. 3, 10, 1: in extrema fere parte epistolae,near the end,Cic. Att. 6, 1, 20; cf.: in codicis extrema cera,Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 92; but to denote the last part of a thing it is used more freq. in immediate connection with the substantive denoting the whole: quibus (litteris) in extremis,at its end,id. Att. 14, 8, 1; cf.: in qua (epistola) extrema,id. ib. 13, 45, 1: in extremo libro tertio,at the end of the third book,id. Off. 3, 2, 9: in extrema oratione,id. de Or. 1, 10, 41: in extremo ponte turrim constituit,Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 3; cf.: ad extremas fossas castella constituit,id. ib. 2, 8, 3: ab extremo agmine,id. ib. 2, 11, 4: in extrema Cappadocia,Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 4: extremis digitis aliquid attingere,id. Cael. 12, 28 et saep. —In the neutr. absol. and as subst.: extrē-mum, i, n., an end, the end: divitias alii praeponunt, alii honores, multi etiam voluptates; beluarum hoc quidem extremum,Cic. Lael. 6, 20: quod finitum est, habet extremum,id. Div. 2, 50, 103: missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum,at the end,Liv. 21, 8, 10: in 'Equo Trojano' scis esse in extremo 'sero sapiunt,' Cic. Fam. 7, 16, 1; cf.: quod erat in extremo,id. Att. 6, 9, 1.—With gen.: aliquid ad extremum causae reservatum,Cic. Deiot. 13, 35 (cf. infra, 2. a. fin.): caelum ipsum, quod extremum atque ultumum mundi est,id. Div. 2, 43, 91: ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris provinciae extremum,Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 5: summum gulae fauces vocantur, extremum stomachus,Plin. 11, 37, 68, § 179: in extremo montis,Sall. J. 37, 4.— In plur.: extrema agminis,Liv. 6, 32, 11: extrema Africae,Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 31: extrema Galliae,Flor. 3, 3, 1; 3, 20, 12; Tac. H. 5, 18; id. A. 4, 67; 4, 74.
* Extĭmus or extŭmus, a, um, the outermost, farthest, most remote (rare but class.): novem orbes, quorum unus est caelestis, extimus, qui reliquos omnes complectitur,Cic. Rep. 6, 17: circum caesura membrorum,Lucr. 3, 219; 4, 647: promontorium Oceani,Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 1: gentes,id. 2, 78, 80, § 190: factus sum extimus a vobis, i. e. discarded, estranged, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 609 P.—Subst.: Apuliae extima,the borders,Plin. 6, 34, 39, § 217.
* In respect to time or the order of succession, the latest, last: inter prioris mensis senescentis extremum diem et novam lunam,Varr. L. L. 6, § 10 Müll.: mensis anni Februarius,Cic. Leg. 2, 21, 54: tempore diei,Hirt. B. G. 8, 15, 6: eam amicitiam ad extremum finem vitae perduxit,Liv. 37, 53, 8: matres ab extremo conspectu liberorum exclusae,Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118: manus extrema non accessit operibus ejus,the finishing hand, the last touches,id. Brut. 33, 126: extremum illud est, ut te orem et obsecrem,it remains only,id. Fam. 4, 13, 7; id. Att. 11, 16, 5.—To denote the last part of a thing (cf. above, 1.): quod eo die potest videri extrema et prima luna, i. e. the end and the beginning, Varr. L. L. l. l.: usque ad extremam aetatem ab adolescentia,Nep. Cato, 2, 4; id. Att. 10, 3; cf.: ita tantum bellum Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit, Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 35: extremo anno,Liv. 2, 64, 1: extremo tempore,in the last time, at last,Nep. Dat. 10; id. Epam. 9; id. Eum. 5, 3 al.: extrema pueritia,Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: extremo Peloponnesio bello,Nep. Con. 1, 2: extremus dies, the close of day, the evening, Sil 7, 172; 14, 8.—Subst.: illum Praeteritum temnens extremos inter euntem,Hor. S. 1, 1, 116; cf.: extremi primorum, extremis usque priores, id. Ep. 2, 2, 204: extremus dominorum,Tac. H. 4, 42 fin.: die extremum erat,Sall. J. 21, 2: extremum aestatis,id. ib. 90, 1: extremo anni,Liv. 35, 11, 1: sub extremum noctis,Sil. 4, 88 al.—Prov.: extrema semper de ante factis judicant (cf. our wise after the event), Pub. Syr. 163 Rib.—Adv.: extremum.
* For the last time: alloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos,Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 15: cum diu occulte suspirassent, postea jam gemere, ad extremum vero loqui omnes et clamare coeperunt.
* At last, finally, Cic. Att. 2, 21, 2: extremum tenues liquefacta medullas Tabuit,Ov. M. 14, 431.—Adverb. phrase: ad extremum,id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 4, 4, 2 et saep.; cf., strengthened by tum: invenire quod dicas ... deinde ... post ... tum ad extremum agere ac pronuntiare,Cic. de Or. 2, 19, 79; and strengthened by denique: ad extremum ipsa denique necessitate excitantur,id. Sest. 47, 100: decimo loco testis exspectatus et ad extremum reservatus dixit, etc.,till the end, to the last,id. Caecin. 10, 28: ad extremum,Ov. P. 1, 9, 28; 3, 7, 20; for which: in extremum (durare),id. H. 7, 111: qui extremo mortuus est,at last,Dig. 32, 1, 81: extremo,Nep. Ham. 2, 3.
* Extreme in quality or degree; used, like ultimus, to denote both the highest and the lowest grade.
* The utmost, highest, greatest: cum extremum hoc sit (sentis enim, credo, me jam diu, quod τέλος Graeci dicunt, id dicere tum extremum, tum ultimum, tum summum: licebit etiam finem pro extremo aut ultimo dicere) cum igitur hoc sit extremum, congruenter naturae vivere, etc.,Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26: extremam famem sustentare,Caes. B. G. 7, 17, 3: ad extrema et inimicissima jura tam cupide decurrebas,Cic. Quint. 15, 48; cf.: decurritur ad illud extremum atque ultimum S. C., Dent operam consules, etc.,Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 3: extremam rationem belli sequens,id. ib. 3, 44, 1: neque aliud se fatigando nisi odium quaerere, extremae dementiae est,is the height of madness,Sall. J. 3, 3: in extremis suis rebus,in the utmost, greatest danger,Caes. B. G. 2, 25 fin.: res,Suet. Ner. 6 fin.; cf.: res jam ad extremum perducta casum,Caes. B. G. 3, 5, 1: necessitate extrema ad mortem agi,Tac. A. 13, 1.—Subst.: si nihil in Lepido spei sit, descensurum ad extrema, to desperate measures, Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 4: ad extrema perventum est,Curt. 4, 14, 14: ad extrema ventum foret, ni, etc.,Liv. 2, 47, 8: compellere ad extrema deditionis,to surrender at discretion,Flor. 4, 5; cf.: famem, ferrum et extrema pati,Tac. H. 4, 59: plura de extremis loqui,id. ib. 2, 47 al.: res publica in extremo sita,Sall. C. 52, 11; Sen. de Ira, 1, 11, 5.—Adverb.: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus,utterly,Liv. 23, 2, 4.
* The lowest, vilest, meanest (perh. not ante-Aug.): mancipia,Sen. Ep. 70 fin.: latrones,App. M. 3, p. 131: quidam sortis extremae juvenis,Just. 15, 1: alimenta vitae,Tac. A. 6, 24: extremi ingenii est,Liv. 22, 29, 8.