(adj.adj.adj.) : bellum (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Müll.; 7, § 49 ib.
* War.
* Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoriā contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Müll.: bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes ... Postea mutatā litterā dictum bellum,Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.): legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35: quae domi duellique male fecisti,id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents: quique agent rem duelli,Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21: aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws): puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so, quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,id. 22, 10, 2: victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,id. 23, 11, 2: si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,id. 36, 2, 2; and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,id. 40, 52, 5.—Poet.: hic... Pacem duello miscuit,Hor. C. 3, 5, 38: cadum Marsi memorem duelli,id. ib. 3, 14, 18: vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169
* Form bellum.
* War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).
* Specifying the enemy.
* Transf.
* With verbs.
* With cum and abl. of the name.
* As object denoting place or time.
* With adversus and acc. of the name.
* Bellum in attributive connection.
* With contra and acc.: cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1: causam belli contra patriam inferendi,id. ib. 2, 22, 53.
* With in and acc. (very rare): Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,Nep. Lys. 1, 1.
* With inter and acc.: hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,Liv. 45, 9, 2.
* With apud and acc.: secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,Nep. Att. 9, 1.
* With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. κ infra.
* Referring to the beginning of the war.
* Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war: summa erat observatio in bello movendo,Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37: bellum commotum a Scapulā,id. Fam. 9, 13, 1: nuntiabant alii... in Apuliā servile bellum moveri,Sall. C. 30, 2: is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,Liv. 1, 53, 2: insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,id. 4, 58, 6: dii pium movere bellum,id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so, concitare,Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere (poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.
* Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.: bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,Cic. Sen. 6, 18: cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,id. Off. 1, 12, 38: cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,id. Div. 1, 46, 103: erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,Caes. B. G. 3, 10: bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,id. ib. 4, 6: Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,Sall. C. 16, 5: bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,Liv. 21, 1, 1: alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,id. 2, 62, 3: de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,id. 23, 25, 5: Chabrias bella in Aegypto suā sponte gessit,Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare): bellum bellare,Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.); in the same sense: bellum agere,Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym: bello persequi aliquem,Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.
* Bellum differre, to postpone a war: nec jam poterat bellum differri,Liv. 2, 30, 7: mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.
* Referring to the end of a war.
* Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war: necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2: bellum trahi non posse,Sall. J. 23, 2: belli trahendi causā,Liv. 5, 11, 8: morae quā trahebant bellum paenitebat,id. 9, 27, 5: suadere institui ut bellum duceret,Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2: bellum enim ducetur,id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4; similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?Liv. 5, 5, 1.
* Less usual connections: bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4: alere ac fovere bellum,Liv. 42, 11, 5: bellum navare alicui,Tac. H. 5, 25: spargere,id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682: serere,Liv. 21, 10, 4: circumferre,Tac. A. 13, 37: exercere,id. ib. 6, 31: quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17: bellum ascendit in rupes,id. 4, 12, 4: bellum serpit in proximos,id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15: bella narrare,Cic. Or. 9, 30: canere bella,Quint. 10, 1, 91: bella legere,Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.
* Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war: in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34: (bellum) cum deponi victores velint,Sall. J. 83, 1: bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,Liv. 31, 1, 8: nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,id. 31, 31, 19: dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,Sall. J. 112, 1: bellum grave cum Etruriā positum est,id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch: velut posito bello,Liv. 1, 53, 5: manere bellum quod positum simuletur,id. 1, 53, 7: posito ubique bello,Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291: omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,Liv. 2, 14, 5.
* Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace: timerent ne bellum componeretur,Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3: si bellum compositum foret,Sall. J. 97, 2: belli componendi licentiam,id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109; similarly: bellum sedare,Nep. Dat. 8, 5.
* Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success: is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2: bellumque maximum conficies,id. Rep. 6, 11, 11: confecto Mithridatico bello,id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42: quo proelio ... bellum Venetorum confectum est,Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28; 4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3: neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6; 36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3: se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11: neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliquā tolerabili condicione bellum videro,Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maximā parte.. italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.
* Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.
* Of the commander: consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33: ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4: ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.: in bellum,Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.
* Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.
* In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182: in bella sequi,id. ib. 8, 547.
* Of time.
* In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque): valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so, domi duellique,id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra): quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85: paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,Sall. J. 41, 7: animus belli ingens, domi modicus,id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.: bello domique,id. 1, 34, 12: domi belloque,id. 9, 26, 21; and: neque bello, neque domi,id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi: simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf. Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.
* In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.: ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22: in ipso bello eadem sensi,id. Marcell. 5, 14: in Volsco bello virtus enituit,Liv. 2, 24, 8: in eo bello,id. 23, 46, 6: in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.: ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,Plaut. Capt. prol. 25: qui in bello occiderunt,Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2: quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,Sall. C. 9, 4: non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2: in bello parta,Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.
* Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124: bello Italico,id. Pis. 36, 87: Veienti bello,id. Div. 1, 44, 100: domestico bello,id. Planc. 29, 70: qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,Liv. 23, 12, 11: victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,id. 2, 27, 1: nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,id. 9, 18, 9: bello civili,Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.: praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6: suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.: qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,Cic. Sest. 26, 57: res pace belloque gestas,Liv. 2, 1, 1: egregieque rebus bello gestis,id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11: ludi bello voti,id. 4, 35. 3: princeps pace belloque,id. 7, 1, 9: Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,id. 45, 42, 7: bello parta,Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.
* Inter bellum (rare): cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,Liv. 2, 14, 2: inter haec bella consules... facti,id. 2, 63, 1.
* Justum bellum.
* A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. θ supra): justum piumque bellum,Liv. 1, 23, 4: non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causā suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.
* For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terrā marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.
* Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war: quicunque belli eventus fuisset,Cic. Marcell. 8, 24: haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,Sall. C. 37, 9: eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1: exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1: cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8, : Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,id. Att. 4, 16, 13: cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,Liv. 5, 16, 8.
* Fortuna belli, the chances of war: adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).
* Belli artes, military skill: cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloriā par,Liv. 1, 35, 1: haud ignotas belli artes,id. 21, 1, 2: temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,id. 1, 21, 6.
* Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights (law) of war: in re publicā maxime servanda sunt jura belli,Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34: sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,Liv. 5, 27, 6: jure belli res vindicatur,Gai. Inst. 3, 94.
* Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7: trium simul bellorum victor,a victor in three wars,Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.: victor tot bellis,id. 2, 27, 1).
* Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.
* Of things concr. and abstr.: qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,Cic. Dom. 23, 60: bellum contra aras et focos,id. Phil. 3, 1, 1: miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,id. Or. 2, 37, 155: ventri Indico bellum,Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.
* Of animals: milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125: hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,Ov. M. 6, 92.
* With individuals: quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14: nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quīcum familiariter vixeris,Cic. Lael. 21, 77: cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,id. Sull. 9, 28: hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,Liv. 2, 12, 11: falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,id. 3, 25, 3: tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically: equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,Cic. Cael. 28, 67.
* In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.
* Personified as god of war ( = Janus): tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27: sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,Verg. A. 7, 607: mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,id. ib. 6, 279.
* Plur.: bella, army (poet.): permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),Ov. M. 12, 24: sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,Sil. 7, 472: quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?Stat. Th. 9, 490.
* Battle, = proelium: rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92: quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,Sall. C. 9, 4: praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,Liv. 8, 10, 7: commisso statim bello,Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2: Actia bella,Verg. A. 8, 675: ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666.
* Bellum = liber de bello: quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

s. TLL