Proper name

• Ci´cero, the name of a family, little distinguished in history, belonging to the plebeian Claudia gens, the only member of which mentioned is C. Claudius Cicero, tribune of the plebs in b. c. 454. (Liv. iii. 31.) The word seems to be connected with deer, and may have been originally applied by way of distinction to some individual celebrated for his skill in raising that kind of pulse, by whom the epithet would be transmitted to his descendants. Thus the designation will be precisely analogous to Bulbus, Fabius, Lentulus, Piso, Tubero, and the like. [ W. R. ] (Wikisource | public domain)
• Ci´cero, the name of a family of the Tullii. The Tullii Cicerones had from time immemorial been settled at Arpinum, which received the full franchise in b. c. 188; but they never aspired to any political distinction until the stock was raised by the great orator from that obscurity into which it quickly relapsed after his death. His genealogy, so far as it can be traced, is repre­sented in the following table.   (Wikisource | public domain)
• 1. M. Tullius Cicero, grandfather of the orator, appears to have taken a lead in his own community, and vigorously opposed the projects of his fellow-townsman and brother-in-law, M. Gratidius, who had raised a great commotion at Arpinum by agitating in favour of a law for voting by ballot. The matter was referred to the consul M. Aemilius Scaurus (b. c. 115), who complimented Cicero on his conduct, declaring that he would gladly see a person of such spirit and integrity exerting his powers on the great field of the metro­polis, instead of remaining in the seclusion of a country town. The old man was still alive at the birth of his eldest grandson (b. c. 106), whom he little resembled in his tastes, for he was no friend to foreign literature, and was wont to say, that his contemporaries were like Syrian slaves, the more Greek they knew, the greater scoundrels they were. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 1, iii. 16, de Orat. ii. 66.) (Wikisource | public domain)
• 2. M. Tullius Cicero, son of the foregoing, and father of the orator. He was a member of the equestrian order, and lived upon his hereditary estate, in the neighbourhood of Arpinum, near the junction of the Fibrenus with the Liris, devoted to literary pursuits, till far advanced in life, when he removed to Rome for the purpose of educating his two boys, Marcus and Quintus, and became the pro­prietor of a house in the Carinae. His reputation as a man of learning procured for him the society and friendship of the most distinguished charac­ters of the day, especially the orators M. Antonius and L. Crassus, and the jurists Q. Scaevola and C. Aculeo, the latter of whom was his brother-in-law, being married to the sister of his wife Helvia. Although naturally of a delicate constitution, by care and moderation he attained to a good old age, and died in the year b. c. 64, while his son, whose rapid rise he had had the happiness of witnessing, was canvassing for the consulship with every pros­pect of success. (De Leg. ii. 1, de Orat. ii. 1, de Off. iii. 19, ad Att. i. 6.) (Wikisource | public domain)
• 3. L. Tullius Cicero, brother of the foregoing. He accompained M. Antonius the orator to Cilicia in b. c. 103 as a private friend, and remained with him in the province until his return the following year. He must have lived for a considerable time after this period, since he was in the habit of giving his nephew many particulars with regard to the pursuits of Antonius. (De Orat. ii. 1.) (Wikisource | public domain)
• 4. L. Tullius Cicero, son of the foregoing. He was the constant companion and schoolfellow of the orator, travelled with him to Athens in b. c. 79, and subsequently acted as his assistant in collecting evidence against Verres. On this occasion the Syracusans paid him the compliment of voting him a public guest (hospes) of their city, and trans­mitted to him a copy of the decree to this effect engraved on a tablet of brass. Lucius died in b. c. 68, much regretted by his cousin, who was deeply attached to him. (De Fin. v. 1, c. Verr. iv. 11, 61, 64, 65, ad Att. i. 5.) (Wikisource | public domain)
• 5. M. Tullius Cicero, the orator, eldest son of No. 2. In what follows we do not intend to enter deeply into the complicated political transactions of the era during which this great man flourished, except in so far as he was directly and personally interested and concerned in the events. The complete history of the momentous crisis must be obtained by comparing this article with the biographies of Antonius, Augustus, Brutus, Caesar, Catilina, Cato, Clodius Pulcher [Claudius], Crassus, Lepidus, Pompeius, and the other characters of the day. Biography of Cicero. (Wikisource | public domain)
• 6. Q. Tullius Cicero, son of No. 2, was born about b. c. 102, and was educated along with his elder brother, the orator, whom he accompanied to Athens in b. c. 79. (De Fin. v. 1.) In b. c. 67 he was elected aedile, and held the office of praetor in b. c. 62. After his period of service in the city had expired, he succeeded L. Flaccus as governor of Asia, where he remained for upwards of three years, and during his administration gave great offence to many, both of the Greeks and of his own countrymen, by his violent temper, unguarded language, and the corruption of his favourite freedman, Statius. The murmurs arising from these excesses called forth from Marcus that celebrated letter (ad Q. Fr. i. 2), in which, after warning him of his faults and of the unfavourable impression which they had produced, he proceeds to detail the qualifications, duties, and conduct of a perfect provincial ruler. Quintus returned home in b. c. 58, soon after his brother had gone into exile, and on his approach to Rome was met by a large body of the citizens (pro Sext. 31), who had flocked together to do him honour. He exerted himself strenuously in promoting all the schemes devised for procuring the recall of the exile, in consequence of which he was threatened with a criminal prosecution by App. Claudius, son of C. Clodius (ad Att. iii. 17), and on one occasion nearly fell a victim to the violence of one of the mercenary mobs led on by the demagogues. (Pro Sext. 35.) In b. c. 55 he was appointed legatus to Caesar, whom he attended on the expedition to Britain, and on their return was despatched with a legion to winter among the Nervii. (b. c. 54.) Here, immediately after the disasters of Titurius Sabinus and Aurunculeius Cotta, his camp was suddenly attacked by a vast multitude of the Eburones and other tribes which had been roused to insurrection by Ambiorix. The assault was closely pressed for several days in succession, but so energetic were the measures adopted by Cicero, although at that very time suffering from great bodily weakness, and so bravely was he supported by his soldiers, that they were enabled to hold out until relieved by Caesar, who was loud in his commendations of the troops and their commander. (Caes. B. G. v. 24, &c.) Quintus was one of the legati of the orator in Cilicia, b. c. 51, took the chief command of the military operations against the mountaineers of the Syrian frontier, and upon the breaking out of the civil war, insisted upon sharing his fortunes and following him to the camp of Pompey. (Ad Att. ix. 1, 6.) Up to this time the most perfect confidence and the warmest afifection subsisted between the brothers; but after the battle of Pharsalia (b. c. 48) the younger, giving way to the bitterness of a hasty temper exasperated by disappointment, and stimulated by the representations of his son, indulged in the most violent language towards M. Cicero, wrote letters to the most distinguished persons in Italy loading him with abuse, and, proceeding to Alexandria, made his peace with Caesar. (b. c. 47.) (Ad Att. xi. 5, 9, 13, 14—16, 20.) A reconciliation took place after his return to Italy ; but we hear little more of him until the year b. c. 43, when he fell a victim to the proscription of the triumvirs. Quintus, in addition to his military reputation, was an aspirant to literary fame also, and in poetry Cicero considered him superior to himself. (Ad Q. Fr. iii. 4.) The fact of his having composed four tragedies in sixteen days, even although they may have been mere translations, does not impress us with a high idea of the probable quality of his productions (ad Q. Fr. iii. 5) ; but we possess no specimens of his powers in this department, with the exception of twenty-four hexameters on the twelve signs, and an epigram of four lines on the love of women, not very complimentary to the sex. (Antholog. Lat. v. 41, iii. 88.) In prose we have an address to his brother, entitled De Petitione Consulatus, in which he gives him very sound advice as to the best method of attaining his object. Quintus was married to Pomponia, sister of Atticus ; but, from incompatibility of temper, their union was singularly unhappy. As an example of their matrimonial squabbles, the reader may refer to a letter addressed to Atticus (v. 1 ), which contains a most graphic and amusing description of a scene which took place in the presence of the lady's brother-in-law. (Appian, B. C. iv. 20 ; Dion Cass. xl. 7, xlvii. 10.) (Wikisource | public domain)

(adjective) : Cĭcĕro, ōnis, m., = Κικέρων
* A Roman cognomen in the gens Tullia.
* M. Tullius Cicero, the greatest of the Roman orators and writers; born on the 3d of January, 106 B.C. (648 A.U.C.), at Arpinum (hence Arpinae chartae, Mart. 10, 19, 17); assassinated, at the age of sixty-three years, by the soldiers of Antonius, 43 B.C. (711 A.U.C.): ille se profecisse sciat, cui Cicero valde placebit,Quint. 10, 1, 112; Juv. 10, 114 al.— Hence
* Cĭcĕrōnĭānus, a, um, , Ciceronian: simplicitas, Plin. praef. § 22: mensa,id. 13, 16, 30, § 102: aquae,in the villa of Cicero, at Puteoli, medicinal to the eyes,id. 31, 2, 3, § 6.—Subst.: Ciceronianus es, non Christianus,i. e. a follower of Cicero,Hier. Ep. 22, n. 30.
* Q. Tullius Cicero, the brother of I., whose work, De petitione consulatūs, is yet extant.

Male Personal name
Confirmed occurences in the Roman Empire:

• M. Tullius Cicero (Masc, senator), ref: PIR T1 0272 | PIR ID13350

s. TLL