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"lemma": "barbarus",
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{
"dictionary": "Lewis Short",
"reference": "Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary",
"source": "https:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059",
"description": "(adj.adv.) : barbărus, a, um (\n* Gen. plur. m. barbarum, Tac. A. 14, 39; 15, 25), adj., = βάρβαρος [cf. barrio; balo, balbus; blatio].\n* Prop., foreign, strange, barbarous, opp. to Greek or Roman.\n* In gen.: hospes,Plaut. Rud. 2, 7, 25: mixta facit Graiis barbara turba metum,Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 28; Hor. C. 1, 29, 6: reges,id. ib. 1, 35, 11.—Hence, in Tac., in barbarum, adverb., in the manner or according to the custom of foreigners or barbarians: civitas potens, neque in barbarum corrupta,Tac. A. 6, 42; id. H. 5, 2.— As subst.: barbărus, i, m., a foreigner, stranger, barbarian: sin hoc et ratio doctis et necessitas barbaris praescripsit,Cic. Mil. 11, 30; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112; 2, 5, 60, § 157: quo neque noster adit quisquam, nec barbarus audet,Lucr. 6, 37: quippe simul nobis habitat discrimine nullo Barbarus,Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 30: barbarorum soli prope Germani singulis uxoribus contenti,Tac. G. 18: barbari praestabant non modicam humanitatem,Vulg. Act. 28, 1.\n* Transf., foreign, strange, in mind or character.\n* (In the mouth of a Greek, or in opp. to Greek.) Italian, Roman, Latin (never so used by the Romans): nam os columnatum poetae esse inaudivi barbaro (sc. Naevio) (words of the Ephesian Periplectomenes),Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 58; id. Stich. 1, 3, 40: i, stultior es barbaro Poticio,id. Bacch. 1, 2, 15: absurdum erat aut tantum barbaris casibus Graecam litteram (φ) adhibere, aut recto casu Graece loqui, Cic. Or. 48, 160.—So also\n* In the mouth of a Macedonian: cum alienigenis, cum barbaris aeternum omnibus Graecis bellum est eritque,Liv. 31, 29, 15.—And\n* Phrygian: tibia,Cat. 64, 264; cf. Lucr. 4, 546 Forbig.: sonante mixtum tibiis carmen lyrae, Hac Dorium, illis barbarum,Hor. Epod. 9, 6; Verg. A. 11, 777; Ov. M. 14, 163.\n* Persian, a Persian: solere reges barbaros Persarum ac Syrorum pluris uxores habere,Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33, § 76; Nep. Milt. 7, 1; id. Them. 3, 1; 6, 2; 7, 5; Curt. 3, 11, 16; 5, 10. 2.—Thus the king of the Persians is called barbarus, Nep. Them. 4, 4; id. Con. 4, 3; and high officers of the king, barbari,id. Ages. 3, 1; cf.: Romanum agmen ad similitudinem barbari incessus convertere,Tac. A. 3, 33.\n* In gen., for any hostile people (among the Romans, after the Aug. age, esp. the German tribes, as, among the Greeks, after the Persian war, the Persians): opinio, quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat,Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; id. Sull. 27, 76; of the Gauls, Liv. 6, 42, 7; the Germans, Tac. H. 4, 29; 5, 14; id. A. 1, 64; Suet. Aug. 21; id. Tib. 9; id. Calig. 5; 47; 51; id. Galb. 6; id. Dom. 6; 12; Amm. 18, 2, 5: ut sunt fluxioris fidei barbari,id. 18, 2, 18; the Thracians, Nep. Alcib. 7, 4; Tac. A. 4, 47; 11, 51; Carthaginians, Nep. Timol. 1, 1; Cilicians, id. Thras. 4, 4; Phoenicians and Cyprians, id. Cim. 2, 3; Parthians, Suet. Vesp. 8; Tac. A. 2, 2; 13, 26; Africans, Cic. Att. 9, 7; Suet. Galb. 7; Claud. 42; Tac. A. 4, 25; Britons, id. ib. 16, 17; 12, 35; 14, 32; even of the Dassaretians, a Greek people, Liv. 31, 33, 5; while the Romans did not elsewhere use barbarus for Greek.\n* In mind, uncultivated, ignorant; rude, unpolished: qui aliis inhumanus ac barbarus, isti uni commodus ac disertus videretur,Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 9, § 23: ecqua civitas est... aut tam potens aut tam libera aut etiam tam inmanis ac barbara, etc.,id. ib. 2, 4, 11, § 24: nationes,Tac. H. 3, 5; Prop. 2, 16, 27: Maroboduus... natione magis quam ratione barbarus,Vell. 2, 108, 2.—Comp., of verses: non sunt illa suo barbariora loco,Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 72.\n* Of character, wild, savage, cruel, barbarous: neque tam barbari linguā et natione illi, quam tu naturā et moribus,Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112: immanis ac barbara consuetudo hominum immolandorum,id. Font. 14, 31 (10, 21); id. Phil. 3, 6, 15; 13, 9, 21: gens,id. Sull. 27, 76: homines,Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 32, § 81: homo,id. ib. 2, 5, 57, § 148: pirata,id. Rosc. Am. 50, 146: praedones,Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 55, § 122; Tib. 2, 5, 48: tollite barbarum Morem,Hor. C. 1, 27, 2: Medea,id. Epod. 5, 61: domina,id. C. 3, 27, 66: libidines,id. ib. 4, 12, 7: ignis,Ov. M. 14, 574: populus,Vulg. Psa. 113, 1.— * Comp.: sacra barbariora,Ov. P. 3, 2, 78.— Sup. not in use.—Hence, adv.: barbărē.\n* Prop., as a foreigner would, in a foreign tongue: Demophilus scripsit; Marcus vortit barbare,i. e. into Latin,Plaut. As. prol. 10; id. Trin. prol. 19; cf. barbarus, I. B. 1.\n* Transf.\n* Rudely, ignorantly, in an uncultivated way: si grammaticum se professus quispiam barbare loqueretur,Cic. Tusc. 2, 4, 12: ut is, a quo insolenter quid aut minaciter aut crudeliter dictum sit, barbare locutus existimetur,Quint. 1, 5, 9: tota saepe theatra et omnem Circi turbam exclamasse barbare scimus,id. 1, 6, 45.\n* Rudely, roughly, barbarously, cruelly: dulcia barbare Laedentem oscula,Hor. C. 1, 13, 15: ferociter et barbare facere,Vulg. 2 Macc. 15, 2."
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